A single destination for timely, editor-curated robotics news from around the world.
Queue is advancing its initiative to enhance prescription access by developing fully automated pharmacies. This effort aims to serve hospitals, retail locations, and underserved communities, addressing the growing demand for efficient pharmaceutical services. Recently, the company secured funding to support the construction of these autonomous pharmacies, which are designed to streamline the dispensing process and improve patient care. By leveraging automation, Queue intends to reduce wait times and increase the availability of medications, particularly in areas where access to traditional pharmacy services is limited. The project represents a significant step towards modernizing healthcare delivery and ensuring that essential prescriptions are readily available to those in need.
RoboticsBusinessReview.com By Eugene Demaitre 6 hours ago Healthcare Robotics Investments News AlleyCorp pharmaceutical Queue
On June 26, 2026, Wuliangye announced the removal of Zeng Zongqin from his position as chairman due to his inability to fulfill his duties. The decision was made during the company's annual shareholder meeting, where a proposal to appoint Deng Min as the new chairman was approved. Zeng's departure, effective immediately, will not affect the company's operations, as he held no shares and had no outstanding commitments. In Yantai, JD Pharmacy has established a new company, JD Pharmacy (Yantai) Co., Ltd., with a registered capital of 100,000 RMB. The company, fully owned by JD Pharmacy (Qingdao) Chain Co., Ltd., will engage in retailing pharmaceuticals and providing medical device services. SpaceX, led by Elon Musk, plans to launch a new Starlink mobile service in the U.S. and develop its own ground mobile network, aiming to compete with major carriers like Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile. He Xiaopeng announced on June 25 that XPeng Motors is set to expand globally, with the second-generation VLA model expected to enter international markets by 2027, coinciding with new EU regulations on autonomous driving. Meanwhile, Lingqiao Shou, a company spun off from Zhiyuan Robotics, has achieved a valuation of $1 billion within just five months of its establishment, following significant funding rounds. Beijing Tongrentang Medical and Health Investment Co. plans to raise up to HKD 671.6 million through an IPO in Hong Kong, with shares priced between HKD 5.48 and HKD 6.21, expected to begin trading on July 7. Lastly, DeepSeek announced plans to double its workforce across all departments, while Apple reported a surge in memory demand due to the rapid expansion of AI data centers, presenting challenges for the electronics industry.
36kr.com Jun 26, 2026
In 2026, the investment landscape in China is witnessing a significant transformation as artificial intelligence (AI) evolves from a mere technical concept to a driving force in various industries. The WAVES 2026 conference, organized by 36Kr and AnYun, took place in Guangzhou's Panyu district, gathering top investors, industry leaders, and emerging entrepreneurs to explore the implications of AI and hard technology on the future of innovation. Over two days, the event featured 14 in-depth roundtable discussions and numerous independent presentations, focusing on key sectors such as AI, hard technology, international expansion, and healthcare. During the conference, industry experts discussed the rapid pace of AI development, highlighting how companies are now experiencing frequent valuation updates and financing rounds. Investors shared insights on the changing dynamics of funding, with many companies securing multiple rounds of financing within months, a stark contrast to previous trends. The conversation also touched on the implications of regulatory challenges, particularly concerning AI models and their accessibility. Participants emphasized the importance of stability and reliability in AI applications, as well as the need for a deep understanding of specific industries to successfully implement AI solutions. The discussions underscored a growing interest in physical AI applications, with expectations for commercialization in sectors like pharmaceuticals and materials science within the next few years. As the AI landscape continues to evolve, investors are increasingly focused on identifying unique opportunities and fostering innovative solutions that address real-world challenges.
36kr.com Jun 24, 2026
Recent advancements in automation are transforming the supplement manufacturing industry, particularly through the implementation of cutting-edge filling lines that enhance both quality and efficiency. These innovative systems not only incorporate advanced technologies but also necessitate the establishment of new protocols and expectations for quality assurance. As manufacturers adopt these automated solutions, they are experiencing significant breakthroughs and adopting best practices that elevate production standards. The article delves into how these automated filling lines are setting a new benchmark in the industry, emphasizing the critical controls that are essential for maintaining high-quality output.
RoboticsAndAutomationNews.com By Sam Francis Jun 23, 2026 Health Manufacturing automated filling lines automated inspection automation news checkweighers
In a rapidly evolving landscape, major technology companies such as Microsoft, Google, and IBM are intensifying their efforts in the field of quantum computing. This surge in competition is driven by the potential of quantum technology to revolutionize computing power and solve complex problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers. As of October 2023, these industry leaders are investing heavily in research and development, aiming to secure a competitive edge in what many consider the next frontier of computing. The race involves not only advancements in hardware but also the development of software and algorithms tailored for quantum systems. This strategic push reflects a broader recognition of quantum computing's transformative potential across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, finance, and artificial intelligence. As these tech giants advance their initiatives, the implications for innovation and economic growth are significant, positioning quantum computing as a pivotal area of focus in the tech industry.
CNBCTechnology Jun 17, 2026
Movianto, a division of Yusen Logistics that focuses on pharmaceutical and healthcare logistics, has completed a significant expansion of its facility in Aalst, Belgium. The enhancement has nearly doubled the temperature-controlled pallet storage capacity from 14,000 to 25,000. This newly extended site is now fully operational, providing increased storage space for a variety of pharmaceutical and medical products across different temperature ranges, including ambient (15–25°C), refrigerated (2–8°C), and frozen (–20°C). The expansion aims to better meet the growing demands of the healthcare sector and improve the efficiency of logistics services in the region.
LogisticsBusiness By David Priestman Jun 17, 2026 Cold Chain Logistics Storage & Racking Warehousing bonded hub Movianto pallet storage
In the manufacturing sector, women remain underrepresented in leadership roles, prompting an organizational consultant to launch an internal leadership program aimed at preparing female talent for operational management positions. Research indicates that diverse leadership teams in production not only contribute a wider range of perspectives but also enhance companies' resilience to global market demands and cultural complexities. The pharmaceutical company Dr. Kade Health Care exemplifies successful implementation of work-life balance and female leadership in practice. This initiative highlights the critical need for gender diversity in industrial leadership to ensure a sustainable future for the industry.
ROBOTICSandPRODUCTION By xmlrpc Jun 11, 2026 Allgemein
AI-native biotechnology company BaiAo Geometry has successfully secured several hundred million yuan in strategic financing, with investments led by the Shanghai Biomedical Innovation Transformation Fund, Guoke Investment, Dacheng Wisdom, and Xinglian Capital, alongside follow-on investments from GaoRong Capital and the Index AI Industry Innovation Fund. The funds will primarily support the ongoing development of their life sciences micro-world model, GeoFlow, and the advancement of their proprietary drug pipeline. Artificial intelligence is rapidly evolving along two main trajectories: digital AI, represented by large language and multimodal models, and physical AI, exemplified by autonomous vehicles and humanoid robots. Life AI is emerging as a promising frontier, a sentiment echoed by leading global investors and scientists. BaiAo Geometry's GeoFlow model, launched in 2024, aims to understand and design molecular interactions at an atomic level, enabling the creation of novel molecules that have never existed in nature. The company has iterated GeoFlow multiple times, achieving significant advancements in protein structure prediction and de novo design capabilities. By applying Test-Time Scaling technology, BaiAo Geometry enhances the success rate of protein designs without the need for extensive retraining. This innovation allows for the rapid generation and optimization of high-affinity binding molecules, significantly reducing the time and cost associated with traditional drug discovery processes. BaiAo Geometry has established over 20 business development collaborations with domestic and international pharmaceutical companies, focusing on high-specificity antibody design and vaccine development. The company is currently working on the next iteration of GeoFlow, which aims to expand modeling from individual molecules to entire molecular systems, further revolutionizing drug development in the biotechnology sector.
36kr.com Jun 09, 2026
A new development in particle production technology has emerged, utilizing cost-effective devices that can be constructed in just a few hours. These innovative devices employ electrospray emitter technology to efficiently generate three-layered particles on a large scale. This advancement is poised to enhance manufacturing processes across various industries by providing a faster and more economical method of particle creation. The introduction of these devices marks a significant step forward in the field, potentially leading to improved applications in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and other sectors that rely on precise particle engineering.
MITNews By Adam Zewe | MIT News Jun 09, 2026 Research 3-D printing Additive manufacturing Electronics Medical devices Drug delivery
Reid Hoffman, a prominent figure on Microsoft's board for the past decade, has announced his decision to resign in order to dedicate more time to his AI drug discovery startup, Manus. This move comes after a successful tenure at Microsoft, where he contributed to various strategic initiatives. By stepping down, Hoffman aims to channel his efforts into advancing Manus, which focuses on leveraging artificial intelligence to innovate in the pharmaceutical sector. The transition marks a significant shift in his professional focus, aligning with the growing trend of integrating technology into healthcare solutions.
TechCrunch By Julie Bort Jun 05, 2026 TC Venture In Brief Manus AI Microsoft Reid Hoffman
Ayana Bio, a biotechnology company, has secured a $1.25 million grant to explore the potential of "illuminated fermentation" in enhancing plant cell culture. The funding will support research focused on extracting valuable compounds from various plants, specifically targeting sage for rosmarinic acid, saffron for crocins, and marigold for zeaxanthin and lutein. This initiative aims to improve the efficiency and yield of plant-based production processes. The grant signifies a growing interest in innovative biotechnological methods to optimize the cultivation of high-value plant compounds, which are increasingly sought after in various industries, including pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.
AgFunderNews By Elaine Watson Jun 04, 2026 Biomanufacturing & biologicals Deeptech EMEA FoodTech Nutrition & health Startups & funding
Opentrons has announced the launch of its Compliance Ready Software, designed specifically for its Flex laboratory robots, which are now deployed in over 10,000 facilities globally. This new software enables these robots to adhere to stringent FDA regulations, enhancing their usability in regulated environments. The introduction of this software is a significant advancement for Opentrons, as it aims to streamline laboratory processes and ensure compliance with industry standards. By integrating this technology, the company seeks to expand the capabilities of its robotic systems, making them more accessible for laboratories that require adherence to strict regulatory frameworks.
RoboticsBusinessReview.com By The Robot Report Staff May 19, 2026 Academia / Research Healthcare Robotics Laboratory / Cleanroom News Regulatory & Compliance Laboratory Automation
Saishunkan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. has implemented a new system at its shipping center located within the integrated headquarters and factory known as "Saishunkan Hilltop." This innovative system combines autonomous mobile robots (AMR) with a digital picking system (DPS) to enhance operational efficiency. The introduction of this technology aims to streamline logistics processes and improve productivity within the company.
RobotStart.info May 19, 2026
In the evolving field of automation, selecting the right type of robotic arm is crucial for optimizing production strategies. Different robotic configurations, including 6-axis, SCARA, and Delta robots, offer unique mechanical strengths and capabilities tailored to specific manufacturing tasks. The 6-axis articulated robot, commonly found in factories, mimics human arm movements and excels in complex processes like welding and assembly due to its six degrees of freedom and flexible work envelope. In contrast, SCARA robots, known for their rigidity in the vertical axis and compliance in horizontal movements, are ideal for high-speed tasks such as pick-and-place and electronics assembly, achieving remarkable precision and faster cycle times. Delta robots, characterized by their lightweight, spider-like design, are engineered for high-speed sorting and packaging in industries like food and pharmaceuticals, making them suitable for handling lightweight items quickly. JAKA Robotics has focused on enhancing 6-axis collaborative industrial robots, offering models like the JAKA Zu and Pro series that combine power and agility for various applications, from precision assembly to heavy-duty palletizing. JAKA emphasizes "Embodied Intelligence," ensuring their robots provide precise repeatability and user-friendly operation through wireless control and intuitive programming, catering to the needs of modern smart factories.
jaka.com By JAKA May 13, 2026
In the evolving landscape of modern manufacturing, industrial robot arms have emerged as essential components, revolutionizing production processes across various sectors, including automotive and pharmaceuticals. These advanced mechanical systems, designed to replicate human dexterity, offer unmatched precision, endurance, and payload capacity, enabling manufacturers to achieve unprecedented efficiency. Equipped with versatile "End-of-Arm Tooling" (EOAT), these robots perform a range of tasks, from picking and placing delicate electronic components to executing precise welding and material removal. Their ability to maintain consistent quality and reduce waste makes them invaluable in heavy industry. Furthermore, advancements in automation have led to the integration of 2D and 3D vision systems, allowing robots to adapt to their environment, detect defects, and handle unsorted parts, transforming them from simple tools into intelligent collaborators. Leading the charge in this industrial revolution is JAKA, a company that has developed the JAKA Zu and Pro series of robot arms. These models exemplify flexibility and ease of deployment, designed for seamless transitions between tasks such as screw driving and inspection. With user-friendly wireless control and graphical programming via the JAKA App, manufacturers can optimize their production lines without requiring extensive coding knowledge. JAKA's innovative solutions provide a compact and efficient alternative to traditional automation, empowering businesses to enhance their operational capabilities and reach their full potential.
jaka.com By JAKA May 11, 2026
An Indianapolis-based company has announced a significant increase in its spending to accommodate the rising demand for genetic therapies and weight-loss medications. This strategic expansion aims to enhance the company’s capacity to develop and deliver innovative treatments in response to the growing interest and need in these sectors. The decision reflects the company's commitment to advancing healthcare solutions and addressing public health challenges. By investing in research and development, the company seeks to position itself as a leader in the rapidly evolving pharmaceutical landscape.
ManufacturingDive.com By Nathan Owens May 08, 2026
ABB Robotics has introduced PickMaster® Lite, a simplified version of its robotic picking software, aimed at packaging OEMs and system integrators. Launched on May 5, 2026, this new software is designed to accelerate the development of high-speed, vision-guided robotic picking solutions. By offering essential features for common picking tasks, PickMaster Lite reduces engineering efforts by 30% and commissioning time by 25%, while ensuring reliable performance. The motivation behind this launch stems from the increasing demand for automation in manufacturing, driven by labor shortages and consumer expectations for personalized products. Craig McDonnell, Business Line Managing Director at ABB Robotics, emphasized the need for quick and reliable automation solutions to enhance production flexibility. PickMaster Lite employs an intuitive, task-based interface with pre-configured templates, eliminating the need for specialized programming skills. It integrates seamlessly with existing machine control architectures, allowing for easy communication with PLC and HMI systems. This capability enables machine builders to manage key functions directly through their preferred control systems, thus minimizing development risks. The software is particularly suited for high-volume, cost-sensitive applications in sectors such as consumer goods, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and e-commerce. As part of the broader PickMaster family, it offers a scalable solution that can evolve alongside production needs, with options for more advanced functionalities through PickMaster and PickMaster Twin. For additional details, interested parties can visit ABB's robotics website.
RoboticsTomorrow.com May 05, 2026
The landscape of robot technology is undergoing a significant transformation, shifting from isolationist industrial automation to a more integrated approach that emphasizes collaboration. Traditionally, industrial robots were powerful machines confined behind barriers, posing safety risks to human workers due to their lack of environmental awareness. However, the introduction of collaborative robots has marked a pivotal change, focusing on safety, flexibility, and shared workspaces. This evolution began in the late 1990s, with early research aimed at creating machines that assist rather than replace humans. Innovations such as power and force limiting (PFL) technology have enabled robots to detect external resistance and respond accordingly. As sensor technology advanced, robots became capable of perceiving their surroundings through sophisticated sensors and vision systems. Modern robotic systems now prioritize user-friendly programming, allowing small manufacturers to implement advanced automation without the need for specialized engineers. This shift has made collaborative robots essential for high-mix, low-volume production environments, where rapid re-tasking is crucial for competitiveness. JAKA Company, established in 2014, is at the forefront of this technological shift. The company’s name reflects its commitment to pushing the boundaries of collaborative robotics. JAKA has developed the A series of robots, designed for high-speed and precision tasks in various industries, including automotive and pharmaceuticals. With a repeatability of ±0.02 mm, these robots ensure high-quality performance in delicate operations. By adopting JAKA's technology, manufacturers can streamline their processes and reduce setup costs, reinforcing the company's mission to empower the future of global manufacturing.
jaka.com By JAKA Apr 29, 2026
JAKA has introduced advanced industrial welding robots and robotic packaging solutions aimed at enhancing the safety and quality of perishable goods. As manufacturers grapple with the challenges of maintaining hygiene standards during high-volume production, JAKA's automation technology offers a solution. The JAKA Zu30 palletizing robot, designed for compact spaces, can operate across multiple production lines, significantly reducing operational costs while minimizing human contact to lower contamination risks. These robotic systems automate repetitive tasks such as palletizing and product sorting, thereby eliminating potential human errors and ensuring sanitary packaging operations. They are easy to clean and maintain, aligning with the strict hygiene requirements of the food, pharmaceutical, and sensitive product industries. By providing flexible integration capabilities, the JAKA Zu30 can adapt to various packaging formats and load sizes, making it suitable for a wide range of perishable goods. JAKA's commitment to automation not only improves production efficiency but also creates a cleaner and safer workspace for operators. By leveraging these innovative solutions, companies can achieve reliable packaging performance while adhering to stringent industry standards, ultimately safeguarding product quality and worker safety.
jaka.com By JAKA Apr 27, 2026
JAKA, a leader in medical and pharmaceutical technology, is revolutionizing dispensing processes with its innovative miniature robotic arm, the JAKA MiniCobo. This advanced system enhances operational efficiency and safety by minimizing human interaction with hazardous materials, which is crucial in environments where precision is essential. The MiniCobo's flexible programming allows for quick adaptations to various medications and formulations, significantly reducing product modification cycles and the need for multiple equipment units. Operators can seamlessly switch tasks, from measuring liquids to sorting vials, without sacrificing accuracy or throughput. In addition to improving safety by reducing direct human exposure to dangerous chemicals, the MiniCobo ensures consistent processing quality through its precise handling of sensitive substances. By replacing manual labor in high-risk areas, JAKA aims to lower workplace incidents while maintaining the integrity of delicate operations. The integration of the MiniCobo extends beyond safety; it interfaces with laboratory information management systems and automated storage units, streamlining workflows and enhancing overall operational efficiency. Its compact design makes it suitable for deployment in space-constrained medical and pharmaceutical labs, ultimately reducing equipment costs by performing multiple tasks within a single unit. JAKA's commitment to advancing dispensing technology through miniature robotics not only enhances safety and precision but also supports complex workflows, contributing to improved outcomes in healthcare and pharmaceutical operations.
jaka.com By JAKA Mar 25, 2026
Lilly has unveiled LillyPod, a groundbreaking AI factory that is the first of its kind fully owned and operated by a pharmaceutical company. This innovative facility aims to accelerate medical advancements by enhancing the speed and accuracy of research and development processes. The launch took place this week, marking a significant milestone in the integration of artificial intelligence within the pharmaceutical industry. By leveraging advanced AI technologies, LillyPod is designed to facilitate unprecedented scalability in drug development, ultimately aiming to improve patient outcomes and streamline the path from research to market. This initiative underscores Lilly's commitment to harnessing cutting-edge technology to address pressing healthcare challenges more effectively.
NvidiaNews By NVIDIA Feb 26, 2026
At the beginning of the new year, ROKAE Robotics unveiled its latest innovation, a 45 kg intelligent collaborative palletizing workstation. This advanced system is designed to enhance efficiency and flexibility in industries such as food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, daily chemicals, and new energy. By integrating cutting-edge technology, the workstation aims to streamline palletizing processes on modern production lines, addressing the growing demand for automation in various sectors.
rokae.com By Rokae Feb 10, 2026
JAKA, an industrial robot company, is at the forefront of automation technology, focusing on five primary types of robots that cater to various production needs. These include articulated robots, known for their flexibility and complex movements, which are essential for tasks like welding and assembly. The compact design of JAKA's Zu series exemplifies this versatility, allowing operation in confined spaces. Additionally, the SCARA robot specializes in high-speed, precise motions within a horizontal plane, making it ideal for electronics manufacturing. JAKA emphasizes engineering principles that ensure repeatability and stability in all its robotic models. The delta robot, characterized by its parallel-linked arms, excels in ultra-high-speed picking and packaging, particularly in the food and pharmaceutical industries. JAKA is committed to delivering reliable automation solutions that meet rigorous production standards. The Cartesian robot, or gantry robot, operates on three linear axes, making it suitable for applications such as 3D printing and precise dispensing. Its intuitive programming aligns with JAKA's mission to make automation accessible. Lastly, collaborative robots, or cobots, represent a significant shift towards human-centric automation, designed to work safely alongside human workers. JAKA focuses on developing accessible cobots equipped with user-friendly programming and safety features. Overall, JAKA aims to provide a diverse range of robotic solutions that enhance flexibility, efficiency, and collaboration in modern manufacturing environments.
jaka.com By JAKA Feb 06, 2026
Hai Robotics has implemented its HaiPick solution at Zuellig Pharma Korea's newly established Clinical Trial Support Innovation Center. This deployment, which took place recently, is designed to enhance logistics for clinical trials through advanced automation technologies. The facility incorporates features such as automated order fulfillment, cold chain logistics, and precise inventory management. These innovations aim to improve healthcare access and operational efficiency within the clinical trial process, ultimately benefiting the pharmaceutical sector and its stakeholders.
hairobotics.com By Hai Robotics Jan 14, 2026 Healthcare Automation Clinical Trials Logistics Robotics Supply Chain Management
NVIDIA and Eli Lilly are collaborating to create a framework aimed at revolutionizing drug discovery, as announced during a recent fireside chat. NVIDIA's founder and CEO, Jensen Huang, discussed this initiative with Lilly's chair and CEO, Dave Ricks, highlighting the potential advancements in pharmaceutical research. The event took place on Monday, underscoring the companies' commitment to leveraging technology to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of drug development. This partnership seeks to harness NVIDIA's expertise in artificial intelligence and computing power to accelerate the discovery process, ultimately aiming to bring innovative treatments to market more swiftly. By combining their resources and knowledge, both companies aspire to set a new standard in the industry, addressing the growing need for faster and more effective drug discovery methods.
NvidiaNews By NVIDIA Jan 13, 2026
NVIDIA and Eli Lilly and Company have launched an innovative AI co-innovation lab aimed at addressing persistent challenges within the pharmaceutical sector. Announced today, this collaboration seeks to leverage artificial intelligence to enhance drug development processes and improve patient outcomes. By combining NVIDIA's advanced AI technology with Eli Lilly's expertise in pharmaceuticals, the lab is positioned to pioneer solutions that could transform the industry. The initiative reflects a growing trend in healthcare to integrate cutting-edge technology in order to streamline operations and accelerate the discovery of new treatments.
NvidiaNews By NVIDIA Jan 12, 2026
Locus Robotics has partnered with MSK Pharma Group to enhance pharmaceutical logistics through the implementation of its LocusOne™ platform, which was announced on November 12, 2025. The collaboration, taking place in Bensheim, Germany, involves the deployment of 48 autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) to optimize fulfillment processes at MSK Pharma's logistics centers. This initiative aims to address the increasing order volumes while adhering to stringent Good Distribution Practice (GDP) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. The LocusOne platform will manage the AMRs, improving task distribution, route planning, and resource utilization, thereby increasing efficiency in warehouse operations. Over the past six months, MSK Pharma has successfully utilized Locus Robotics' solutions across its two logistics centers, which span 28,000 square meters. The robots assist in order picking, resulting in faster processing times and reduced physical strain on employees. The project also emphasizes sustainability, as the Bensheim warehouse operates on a fully CO₂-neutral basis, utilizing renewable energy sources and energy-efficient vehicles. Simon Heß, Managing Director of MSK Pharma Group, highlighted the benefits of this investment in improving logistics processes and working conditions. Denis Niezgoda, Chief Commercial Officer at Locus Robotics, noted that this collaboration showcases how automation can enhance competitiveness in specialized sectors like pharmaceutical logistics in Germany.
LocusRobotics.com By Locus Robotics Nov 12, 2025
On March 26, Nanjing held the 2025 Industrial Technology Innovation and Investment Promotion Conference, aimed at fostering advancements in key technological sectors. During the event, city officials launched four Industrial Breakthrough Promotion Offices dedicated to artificial intelligence, robotics, biopharmaceuticals, and next-generation information technology. This initiative seeks to enhance Nanjing's position as a leader in industrial innovation and attract investment in these critical areas. By establishing these offices, the city aims to streamline support for emerging technologies and facilitate collaboration among businesses, researchers, and investors.
estun.com By ESTUN Mar 27, 2025 ESTUN AUTOMATION ROBOTICS SERVO SYSTEMSRSF defines a common language for robot service capability, lifecycle operations, certification pathways, and service-provider networks.
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