For much of the 20th century, defense technology evolved within a tightly controlled military-industrial framework, where governments dictated needs, contractors created solutions, and civilian sectors reaped the benefits later. However, this paradigm is shifting. In the contemporary landscape, advancements in technologies such as artificial intelligence, semiconductors, robotics, batteries, cloud computing, autonomous systems, synthetic-aperture radar satellites, and commercial drones are increasingly emerging from the civilian economy. This transformation is reshaping how defense capabilities are developed and integrated, highlighting the growing interdependence between civilian innovations and military applications. As a result, the defense sector is now leveraging these civilian technologies to enhance its operational effectiveness and adaptability in a rapidly changing global environment.
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